Essay Topics - The Things to Know About Essay Topics

<h1>Essay Topics - The Things to Know About Essay Topics</h1><p>The thing with exposition subjects is that they will in general change regularly. Nobody can envision the changing patterns in exposition composing and there will consistently be pretty much paper composing subjects accessible. This implies there will consistently be a requirement for the utilization of paper themes in your essay.</p><p></p><p>Whether you decide to utilize a point in an article or not, it very well may be utilized as a device to rouse and educate a peruser. At the point when done appropriately, a subject will make a discourse between the author and the peruser, and the article will stream effectively subsequently. When composing an article that will be a paper, make certain to not depend on your point to accomplish the work for you. You should compose the paper and have the option to sort out the thoughts into reasonable paragraphs.</p><p></p>&l t;p>Essays are in every case exceptionally close to home. Along these lines, when pondering points, consider the themes that intrigue you and that the perusers will get a smart thought about what you need to state. By composing a paper, it can give the peruser something to identify with that will show why they should trust your statements.</p><p></p><p>These article subjects should originate from your own encounters, interests, and feelings. Notwithstanding, ensure that your point has an immediate relationship to the subject of the article. This will assist you with finding shared view, which is significant recorded as a hard copy a fruitful essay.</p><p></p><p>However, don't hop into composing and out of nowhere a subject will be there. Stick with your point first and afterward develop your thoughts over the long haul. Consider the inquiries presented by the peruser, and follow their lead while laying out the topic.</p><p& gt;</p><p>Some individuals wonder why exposition points don't just easily fall into place. The truth of the matter is that exposition themes are for the most part picked by the journalists. So regardless of what the theme is, the author can have a smart thought with respect to what kind of paper they need to write.</p><p></p><p>Essay points that are short are likewise acceptable. It can assist a peruser with catching on quick as they read through your exposition. Having a shorter paper assists with keeping the peruser's consideration and stay away from them getting bored.</p><p></p><p>Keep as a main priority that you might not have a ton of article subjects accessible. You may even end up with such a large number of subjects to browse. It is additionally suggested that you consider a few territories that you believe you have an energy for and expound on them.</p>

Essay Topics - Choose The Right Essay Topics

<h1>Essay Topics - Choose The Right Essay Topics</h1><p>There are numerous approaches to pick a couple of exposition subjects for your next school course. For certain understudies, the hardest piece of the procedure is choosing what points are ideal to expound on and when they will be suitable. Nonetheless, there are a couple of things that each understudy should think about article subjects before choosing one.</p><p></p><p>Before you start composing your paper, you ought to pick a theme that you discover fascinating or pertinent to your school class. Regardless of whether you are not sure how your point will be utilized, it is consistently a smart thought to pick one that you think will be helpful. By picking a subject that you are proficient about, you will have the option to compose a very much looked into article that has legitimacy to it. At the point when you pick a theme that isn't especially identified with your school examines, you might be sitting around and energy.</p><p></p><p>Students who don't have a clue how to compose an article commonly pick exposition subjects that are identified with the course that they are taking. Understudies who take science courses regularly pick points like 'Man-made reasoning,' 'Microbiology,' and 'Ecological Sciences.' Some understudies may decide to expound on something that is commonly concentrated in their classes, yet don't completely comprehend what they ought to expound on or why they ought to expound on it.</p><p></p><p>All understudies have various things that they have to investigate on every theme. One understudy may need to look into an article that examines a specific subject, while another understudy might be increasingly keen on looking into a site that has data about the point. Since the theme ought to be a part of your training, understudies should consider what they have to inquire about on each topic.</p> <p></p><p>If you are uncertain how to explore something, you can look on the web or at library books to discover any of the data that you need on the subject. This is a simple method to get the data you requirement for a point. It is additionally critical to comprehend the contrasts among on the web and library resources.</p><p></p><p>Many online assets will give you a gigantic measure of data, however this doesn't imply that you should utilize these assets constantly. It is imperative to perceive the contrast between taking in on the web and gaining from a library book. Libraries give free print assets, however you will go through cash so as to peruse from these print resources.</p><p></p><p>Learning from online assets gives you boundless access to any data that you have to look into. In the library, you just approach a predetermined number of pages that you can fit into your shelf. You will pay an expense so as to a pproach the printed resources.</p><p></p><p>As an outcome, it is critical to think about the contrasts between the two types of learning and choose whether you should utilize online assets or the printed ones for your last undertaking. Doing research from either may not merit the time that you spend looking into the data in any case. All things considered, you ought to invest as much energy as possible on a subject to guarantee that you appropriately examine it.</p>

Essay Topics - Great Essay Topics

<h1>Essay Topics - Great Essay Topics</h1><p>Great article points frequently draw out the best in understudies. Extraordinary exposition subjects are the foundation of any paper and an understudy's 'difficult work' is scrutinized without fail. So how would you discover incredible paper topics?</p><p></p><p>The first activity is to consider what you're keen on and need to expound on. That could be a great deal of things, however I have a couple. I'm keen on sports, history, books, world religions and considerations on authority. Possibly you're keen on a specific big name or intrigue that isn't on this rundown. Whatever it is, ensure it's recorded some place and the paper you are composing it on will mirror your interests.</p><p></p><p>Next, do some examination into the subjects you need to cover and the point you are looking into. By realizing what you're investigating you can discover any assets, sites, databases and sources that will show you the most ideal approach to look into your subject.</p><p></p><p>Now, utilize your thoughts from the exploration and start with a point. Utilize the examination and ask individuals and hear their point of view. In the event that it is in your theme, at that point get to composing. Try not to leave anything to risk by 'losing yourself' in the examination phase.</p><p></p><p>Find a zone of the point you're keen on and begin composing. I am an ardent peruser so I would begin writing in a book and move into the start of a book. Your subject should stream normally through your composition. Try not to compel a particular storyline.</p><p></p><p>I like to have a ton of data on my papers, however I don't generally possess a great deal of energy for composing. It's acceptable to set aside a few minutes for composing and a break in the middle of passages. Only a little break will keep the progres sion of your exposition streaming and you will be more joyful with your essay.</p><p></p><p>When searching for incredible article themes, consider your advantage and how that identifies with your subject. Utilize your thought, research and information to help make the best article subject for you.</p>

How Do You Determine If a Person is in Poverty Or Not?

<h1>How Do You Determine If a Person is in Poverty Or Not?</h1><p>How will you decide if an individual is really in neediness or not? For an individual it might involve deciding whether he/she eats a less than stellar eating routine or wears garments that are just implied for the most essential needs. In any case, for the general public in general the issue is truly direct and obvious as there is nothing of the sort as destitution - just choices.</p><p></p><p>Consider the instance of craving strikes. The most unfortunate among us starve to death since they can't manage the cost of their day by day food and their essential needs have been undermined. The absence of legitimate sustenance can prompt heart sicknesses, visual deficiency, stroke, malignant growth and furthermore influence mental health.</p><p></p><p>Yet the vast majority penance themselves at some point with the goal that they can eat. If everybody somehow h appened to quit eating, maybe we would wind up with an eager country. Actually the vast majority like different well evolved creatures, similar to us, experience starvation. It might be said, individuals are in destitution since they would prefer starve.</p><p></p><p>So how does this assist us with assessing our HR? If you are accepting these people or gatherings as your customers, you are requesting that they accomplish something which they are not happy with doing or they simply don't discover fulfilling. This offers them the chance to feel like they have achieved something, regardless of whether it is just for getting some degree of fulfillment. By causing them to feel like they have accomplished something they would presumably keep on doing it or make the following one somewhat more troublesome than before.</p><p></p><p>Of course, it isn't as though neediness inquire about paper can be drafted just when the specialist thinks of you a remedy for painkillers. It takes a bounty of sympathy and empathy to see the truth and apply it adequately. Consequently, one should cease from making a decision about others who decide to go hungry. One ought to comprehend that every individual has his/her own need and preferences.</p><p></p><p>Tpoverty inquire about paper Hunger is genuine and has a social measurement as well. Albeit most nations have experienced destitution and appetite, it is generally regular to watch the United States, which endured a gigantic starvation and again in the previous scarcely any years an immense dry season. Neediness examine paper causes you comprehend the degree of the human emergency, assists with forestalling human hopelessness and barbarities and give some solutions.</p><p></p><p>All it requires is some carefree research and some imagination to think of something strange. Individuals regularly believe the word destitution to be related with t he other malevolence things like torment, passing and war. Be that as it may, actually individuals in destitution are better, more joyful and more mollified than the individuals who are not.</p>

Unique Quotes for Birthday Cake Messages

So you’re in charge of the birthday cake, and you need a short, sweet sentiment that befits the occasion and personality of your guest of honor. But before you get frustrated trying to come up with something unique, here’s a quick slice of history to go with a helpful sampling of birthday messages to follow. According to historians, the very first mention of a birthday celebration is in reference to the day of the coronation of a new Egyptian pharaoh, who was believed to be reborn that day as a god. That tradition made its way to the Greeks who baked special moon-shaped cakes and adorned them with candles that would glow like the moon in honor of the lunar goddess Artemis. And the smoke from the candle would act as the vehicle carrying their (make a wish) and prayers to their gods in the sky. Most likely inspired by the Greeks, the ancient Romans were baking birthday cakes to celebrate famous public figures and to honor the 50th birthdays of friends and family. By the 1400s, German bakeries were offering birthday cakes, and by the 1700s, they were celebrating Kinderfesten, annual birthdays for children with a candle added for each year of life. Birthday cakes were too expensive for most people until the early 1800s. Then, new leavening agents became available, such as baking soda and bak ing powder, which made baking affordable and easier than ever before. So whether you are baking a cake from scratch or a box, or you’re getting one from a bakery, here are some quotes for the icing on the top. They’re from a general (George Patton); statesman (Benjamin Disraeli); businessmen (Bernard M. Baruch, Henry Ford), media executive (Oprah Winfrey); philosopher (Richard Cumberland); painter (Pablo Picasso), singers/musicians (Cora Harvey Armstrong, Aretha Franklin, John Lennon); actors (Clint Eastwood, Frances McDormand); filmmaker (Lula Buà ±uel), cartoonist (Charles Schulz), humorist/comedians (Art Buchwald, Groucho Marx); poets (Emily Dickinson, Alexander Pope, William Shakespeare); and many writers (Betty Friedan, Franz Kafka, George Meredith, W.B. Pitkin, Jean-Paul Richter, Anthony Robbins, George Sand, Dr. Seuss, Gertrude Stein, Jonathan Swift, Booth Tarkington). Copy these quotes with attribution, or use them as a starting point to help inspire a genius â€Å"happy birthday† message of your own. Anonymous Turning 30 is a piece of cake. Cora Harvey Armstrong Inside every older person is a younger person — wondering what the hell happened.​ Bernard M. Baruch Old age is 15 years older than I am. Art Buchwald The best things in life arent things. Luis Buà ±uel Age is something that doesnt matter, unless you are a cheese. Richard Cumberland It is better to wear out than to rust out. Emily Dickinson We turn not older with years, but newer every day. Benjamin Disraeli Life is too short to be small. Clint Eastwood Aging can be fun if you lay back and enjoy it. Henry Ford Anyone who keeps learning stays young. Aretha Franklin Every birthday is a gift. Every day is a gift. Betty Friedan Aging is not lost youth but a new stage of opportunity and strength. Franz Kafka Anyone who keeps the ability to see beauty never grows old. Irish Proverb The older the fiddler, the sweeter the tune. John Lennon Count your age by friends, not years. Groucho Marx Getting older is no problem. You just have to live long enough. Frances McDormand With aging, you earn the right to be loyal to yourself. George Meredith Dont just count your years, make your years count. George Patton Live for something rather than die for nothing. Pablo Picasso Youth has no age. W.B. Pitkin Life begins at 40. Alexander Pope Count each birthday with a grateful mind. Jean Paul Richter Birthdays are feathers in the broad wing of time. Anthony Robbins Live with passion. George Sand Try to keep your soul young and quivering right up to old age. Charles Schulz Once youre over the hill, you begin to pick up speed. Dr. Seuss aka Theodor Seuss Geisel There is no one alive who is you-er than you! William Shakespeare With mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come. Gertrude Stein We are always the same age inside. Jonathan Swift May you live all the days of your life. Booth Tarkington Cherish all your happy moments; they make a fine cushion for old age. Oprah Winfrey The more you praise and celebrate your life, the more there is in life to celebrate.

Paper Editors and Sports Journalists

<h1>Paper Editors and Sports Journalists</h1><p>The requests of paper editors are to make, interpret and reconsider both composed and printed records. They do this by consolidating content and pictures for their productions. They are additionally liable for creating proofs, estimating length and weight of pages, guaranteeing page request, and planning various kinds of layouts.</p><p></p><p>Newspaper editors are likewise called sports journalists or sports editors. By and large, they take a gander at sports news to feature the most significant occasions occurring in a specific game. They monitor a few occasions that are the features of the month or year.</p><p></p><p>Most of them can be found all alone by visiting various games sites. Truth be told, they regularly think that its advantageous to do this in any event once in seven days. They check each and every detail of a specific game and discover how those subtleties change over time.</p><p></p><p>Another differentiation between sports columnists and paper editors is that sports correspondents must be 'genuinely' present during a game. They are relied upon to take notes, and review an article in a few hours. Most editors, then again, need to visit the scene a couple of times to watch out for the game. On the off chance that the mentor is sick, the manager will visit the mentor's office to check his attendance.</p><p></p><p>Editor has a greater number of obligations in elite athletics than different games as well. It isn't sufficient to simply cover the game. They are the ones who need to meet the players, get some answers concerning them and dissect the game's results in a far reaching manner.</p><p></p><p>A sports journalist ordinarily composes with data he gets from conversing with the players, from seeing or hearing others who were engaged with the game, or possibly from a snappy report. He is regularly expected to compose audits and different games related articles. His job incorporates doing the measurable investigation and composing the aftereffects of a couple of days' examination. He is likewise expected to approach the official telecasters for answers, and say something suppositions about the game.</p><p></p><p>A sport columnist for the most part composes a story dependent on data and from individual experience. He needn't bother with a secondary school training to begin as a games writer. He isn't limited to one specific field and will attempt to cover a wide range of sports.</p>

Essay Writing Topics For Engineering Students

Essay Writing Topics For Engineering StudentsThe types of essay writing topics for engineering students are numerous. Students can opt to write essays on a variety of subjects, such as the benefits of engineering or topics in science, such as statistics, plant breeding, and astronomy. Different types of essays require different types of topics. The topic of an essay is what makes it unique, and because of this students should do their homework on what type of topic they would like to write.As a student, you will also need to consider the quality of the essays that you are assigned. Some students may not want to put forth too much effort when composing essays because they feel that it will cost them the chance to get into the school of their choice. On the other hand, some students prefer to take the time to practice their essays so that they may improve upon their skills. Therefore, you should determine what kind of essay writing topics for engineering students will help you better s ucceed in the program you want to attend.There are a few factors that you should consider when choosing the topic of your essay. The first factor that you should consider is what kind of student you are. You may be able to write about a subject that you know a lot about but not a whole lot about. Therefore, before you choose the essay writing topics for engineering students, you should research what topics other students have written about in order to better understand the topic that you wish to write about.If you are unsure about what to write about, you may want to consider reading books related to the topic of your choice so that you may have a good idea of what to write about. Additionally, doing research into the subject of your choice will also provide you with a more rounded idea of what your assignment may look like. In addition, it is also important to remember that different programs may be more demanding on your essay writing.Forexample, if you are looking for essay writi ng topics for engineering students that are of a higher quality level, then you may want to focus your assignments towards topics that are more technical. To learn more about the better writing techniques available for engineering students, you should visit the websites of various schools that offer this type of education. The programs offered by these schools include many teaching strategies that will help you learn how to write more effectively when attempting to write the best essay you can.A final tip is to pay attention to what you read while doing research. Try to find advice from some of the best essay writers around and to learn the tips and tricks that they may have used. Although the resources provided are offered free of charge, you may be able to gain valuable advice and even tips from these resources.Additionally, some schools may offer you access to online tutors that can assist you with your writing projects. These tutors are usually professional essay writers who can be hired by students in order to edit their essays and get them ready for submission. Because of this, if you are in need of help with writing essays, you may want to investigate how you can find a writer to help you.Regardless of what your essay writing topics for engineering students may be, you will be able to begin writing the assignment when you enroll in one of the many programs that are available. However, because the subject matter and style of writing varies from program to program, you may be able to select a more appropriate topic for your project once you enroll in one of the many courses available. So, before you sign up for one of the programs offered, you should do your research to find out which program is right for you and for the subject that you wish to write about.

Using Arguementive Essay Topics to Influence Your Readers

<h1>Using Arguementive Essay Topics to Influence Your Readers</h1><p>Essay themes and arguementive paper subjects are the foundation of any powerful article. A great deal of understudies search for approaches to improve their powerful aptitudes by taking up this sort of expositions. This is on the grounds that great subjects empower you to utilize your character, introduction and convincingness to express what is on your mind in the best manner.</p><p></p><p>With the assistance of a helpful thought, you can compose a powerful exposition that will be very generally welcomed. There are a great deal of accessible subjects which can be utilized as enticing ones. As you concentrate how to compose a pugnacious paper, you will go over some normal ones such as:</p><p></p><p>Arguments about restricting thoughts or perspectives. This can likewise be known as 'A/B tests' in specialized terms. These sorts of exposition points can be somewhat more testing, yet don't stress, you will have the option to handle it. Recall that the most significant thing is to ace the data that you are placing before your perusers and afterward ensure that you have had the option to cause them to comprehend and discover your thoughts very compelling.</p><p></p><p>You will locate various focuses in these subjects. In any case, they can be very specialized in nature thus they require some artfulness on your part. In the event that you don't ace the various methods that can be utilized in contentious subjects, it will be hard for you to think of the correct thought. Along these lines, your perusers will make some hard memories understanding what you are attempting to convey.</p><p></p><p>Arguments ought to have essential data about the two sides of the issue. It ought not be finished. The essential thought is to tell the peruser everything there is to think about the two gatherings. Th is will make the data transferable and the perusers will have the option to envision the two sides of the debate.</p><p></p><p>Since individuals have various feelings on such point, it is common that one side of the contention will stick out. At the point when this occurs, you need to concentrate on the rationale behind your contention such that will persuade the perusers. This might be more enthusiastically than you might suspect. Subsequently, you must be patient and continue concentrating until you think of the best end to the argument.</p><p></p><p>The individuals engaged with the discussion ought not bode well decisions. Contentions which depend on sound judgment rules are futile and don't work. This is on the grounds that perusers expect such data from specialists regarding the matter matter.</p><p></p><p>Whenever you are composing a proposition or an article, make sure to compose however much as could be expected in basic data. Along these lines, you won't need to spend a lot of your important time. You will likewise have the option to spare the significant subtleties with the goal that you can allude to them later.</p>

Human Anatomy and Physiology Essay Topics

Human Anatomy and Physiology Essay TopicsWhen it comes to writing an essay on human anatomy and physiology, you have a lot of options. There are many points that are touched upon in this field. Of course, the first thing that needs to be touched upon is what are the major parts. After that, they are going to talk about some other points as well.Of course, the most important part of the body is the nervous system. This has to do with the way our brain functions, our internal state, and how we respond to external stimuli. The second important part of the nervous system is the cardiovascular system. These two are the backbone of the human body.Of course, there are many other areas that are touched upon as well. These include the digestive system, reproductive organs, reproductive development, hormonal, skeletal, nervous, and muscular systems. Many of these areas will be touched upon in a long essay topic.When you are trying to figure out how to touch upon these topics, you have many dif ferent types of options. For example, you can write a short essay that is more specific to one of these areas. This will involve more study than a long essay topic. If you really need a general essay, you might be able to write a very short essay and then go back and cover it in depth in the future.In order to get the information in, you will have to find some easy ways to do this. There are many online resources that can help you find out how to do this. There are also many tools that can help you write essays that touch on these topics.When you are looking at things that are involved with human anatomy and physiology, you need to be able to think beyond just reading the text and reviewing the topics. You have to learn how to put it all together into something that is easy to understand. You have to make sure that you get the point across.When you are learning this, you are basically taking part in a learning process. If you are having a hard time writing this, you can turn to any resource that you find to help you. Once you have this basic knowledge, you can move on to other areas.Human anatomy and physiology are a very important topic for many people to learn. Many people do not think about it because they do not consider it to be something that is important. But, when you do your research, you will learn that it is quite important to know the parts of the body.

The Future of the Math and English Core Subjects - Toefl Essay Topics For 2020

The Future of the Math and English Core Subjects - Toefl Essay Topics For 2020The Task Force on Educational Assessment (TFEE) is developing toefl essay topics for 2020. The work will be overseen by the TFEA as a part of the progress towards creating toefl essay topics for 2020. The TFEE has been working on making the math and English core subjects more relevant in preparing students for careers in academia. This means more focus on preparing students for study, which can help with future employment options.Toefl essay topics for 2020 are being developed through a large grant given to the TFEA by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The grants are intended to help focus funding on creating current and future outcomes. They are not aimed at future performance. Grants to higher education institutions are provided in order to facilitate the creation of toefl essay topics for 2020. Funds are provided in the form of a grant to the college or university that the applicant is a member of, as wel l as funds that are awarded through various other means.The granting of funds will only apply to current standards. Funds will not be directed toward new standards for teaching. They will not be directed toward ensuring a more effective use of tests.TFEA has developed toefl essay topics for 2020. They have also created a template that can be used to draft a topic for an essay. It can be used by students as well as by teachers and can provide more detailed answers to common questions that can arise.The public is invited to participate in the development of toefl essay topics for 2020. This is a collaborative effort between the TFEA, the College Board, and other leaders in education. It allows the public to weigh in on topics and also provides an opportunity for educators to discuss the future of the test and to make changes in the essay topics.One idea being considered is allowing individuals to label essays as toefl and allow them to enter these into competitions in which they can w in money. The idea is to improve the ability of individuals to handle the stress that results from dealing with college essays.Toefl essay topics for 2020 can be found online. They can also be submitted through an online application. Students will be able to see the best topics that have been selected and they can choose from those.

Analysis Of The Book Searle s Chinese Room - 1487 Words

Johnson Lai (400014979) TA: Andrew Lavigne Philos 1E03 Searle s Chinese Room The Turing Test is a test described by Alan Turing to define whether a robot has indistinguishable human intelligence or behaviour. John Searle attempts to disprove the theory of the Turing Test through his Chinese Room thought experiment. In this experiment, Searle proposes that a man unwittingly communicates to a native speaker through the use of a program. Searle presents the prepositions that artificial intelligence is solely syntactic and do not constitute conscious â€Å"intention†- that the man in the room did not display knowledge yet communicates through rules and functions. Through the Chinese Room experiment, Searle attempts to refute functionalism through the definitions of semantics, intentions, and simulation. However, Searle does not clearly distinguish the definitions and aspects of the implications of his arguments against the Turing Test; ultimately, this leads to lack of context and failure to account for all cases against the Test. Argument 1. â€Å"Syntax and semantics†. To begin, John Searle takes into account that humans understand semantics and syntax. That concludes that an intelligent being can demonstrate intention and consciousness through the use of meaning with semantic symbols or behaviours. Searle s first argument is that â€Å"programs are purely formal (syntactic)† (Cole, 1). This argument ignores the science behind how computers and human brains work. The neuralShow MoreRelatedDiffereces Between Vietnamese and American Compliment10198 Words   |  41 Pages2.1.2.2 Skill or talents 25 2.1.2.3 Work accomplished. 26 2.1.2.4 Possession 27 2.1.3. A contrasive analysis 27 2.1.3.1 Major similarities 27 2.1.3.2. Major differences 28 2.2. Giving compliment strategies 30 2.3: Compliment response strategies in English and Vietnamese equivalents. 32 2.3.2. English findings 2.3.1. Vietnamese findings 2.3.3. A contrastive analysis 38 2.3.3.1 .Major similarities 39 2.3.3.2. Major differences 40 Chapter III: Some suggestion for giving and respondingRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagesneed, especially in , supply disruptions, nat ural disasters, and unstable regimes? True global energy sec urity will be a result of cooperation and engage ment, not isolationism When investment and . expertise are allowed to flow freely across border s, the engine of innovation is ignited, prosperity is fueled and the energy available to everyone inc reases. At the same tim balancing the needs of e, producers and consum ers is as crucial as increa sing supply and curbin g demand. Only then wil l theRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesterms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or co ver and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services

Essay Research Paper free essay sample

I see you are Head of Customer Intelligence why don’t you tell me if their strategy is intelligent! † Philippa had 48 hours to figure out what she thought of the strategy proposed by the retail division, formulated with the help of a major consulting firm. That meant finding out what the new branch strategy involved and whether it made sense – fast. She hoped a recent study of customer profitability would help provide the answers. History Infinity Bank, one of the 10 largest banks in the United Kingdom, was a major force in banking. The bank had over 1,800 retail branches – one of the largest branch networks in the UK. Infinity’s management viewed the branches as essential to its retail banking strategy: branches drove the majority of costs and recruited over 70% of clients. Vice-President of Retail Operations, Andrew Shebbeare, summarised the significance of the branch network: â€Å"The branches are where we first meet new customers. They are where we help existing customers to solve their problems. They are our frontline. We have over 50,000 customer interactions per day. Twenty thousand full- and part-time staff work in our branches, well over two-thirds of our workforce. The branches are the heart and soul of this organisation. However, its vast branch network had not helped Infinity achieve a high level of profitability. (Exhibit 1 shows the bank’s performance compared with some of its peers in 1998-2003). Industry analysts felt that Infinity had not successfully coped with the major changes that had affected the UK banking industry – particularly retail branch banking – over the previous 20 years. Numerous structural changes had altered the ways banks interacted with customers through retail branches. (Exhibit 2 describes the key changes that affected UK banks, beginning in the 1980s). Deregulation, new technology and branch alternatives had all had a major impact, transforming retail banking to such an extent that it had become practically unrecognisable in less than 20 years. Deregulation had been a major shock to the industry. Competition from new entrants, particularly the building societies and American banks, put severe pressure on profits. Many UK banks had responded effectively, tightening operations and becoming more competitive. With a record boom in consumer lending in the 1990s, many banks’ profitability and value- added metrics had improved despite increased pressure on margins. Retail banks had become expert users of technology to automate processes and make them more efficient. Technology investments had enabled a significant reduction in headcount Copyright  © 2006 INSEAD2 06/2009-5348 106-016-1 [pic] from the late 1980s. For example, Barclays Bank reduced its headcount from 118,000 in 1988 to 97,800 in 1993. 1 Banks had also closed many branches during this period. The number of branches roughly halved in the UK between 1981 and 2003, and by 2004 the UK population had far fewer branches per head than other European Union countries. 2 Less visible, but no less significant, was the reduction in activities carried out in branches. Up until the early 90s, branch managers were in charge of most customer relationships. The branch manager made decisions on who could take out a mortgage, be covered by insurance, or go into overdraft. At Infinity, as at most UK banks, these powers had been vastly curtailed, and by the late 90s most decisions were made in a centralised fashion. Call centres and information technology enabled the move to centralised decision making. Banks increasingly used call centres for all kinds of customer queries. By 2003 over 80,000 people were working for banks in call centres. 3Although the centres brought a new level of convenience for customers, they were also a target of customer frustration. Call centre operatives worked within strict guidelines on how to answer customer queries. For example, â€Å"discretionary† overdraft extensions, if allowed at all, were only granted if the operative’s computer system gave the authorisation. With the emergence of alternatives to branch banking, banks began to call into question the need to have branches at all. Successful new banks were created using only telephone and mail-based channels. First Direct, a telephone-service bank, was launched in 1989. The mid- 1990s saw the emergence of several major direct-mail-based firms. The launch of Egg in 1998 heralded the arrival of internet banking. New technology, regulatory changes and branch alternatives had created a completely different landscape in retail banking. Infinity Bank had followed the trends but its results continued to worsen. Under the new CEO, the retail banking division had launched a strategic review with a top consulting firm to revive its fortunes. Bank Branches as Supermarkets The radical changes in branch management were summarised by Alex Gawley, a consultant whose company specialised in improving the efficiency of bank branches: â€Å"Bank branches ceased to be what the previous generation considered to be a bank. There are still branch managers and tellers and back-office staff, but to a large extent the service that used to be provided by the branch is now done in huge call centres in Milton Keynes. The branch workforce is still there as a face to the customer, but in terms of power to help customers they are only a facade. Branches are now nothing more than financial service shops. Barclays Bank Annual Report 1993 2Datamonitor report, Branch Banking in Western Europe, 2004 3Datamonitor report, Call Centres in the United Kingdom, 2004 Copyright  © 2006 INSEAD3 06/2009-5348 106-016-1 [pic] The new strategy of Infinity Bank’s retail division was indeed to emphasise that branches should be thought of as shops. A branch efficiency review carried out towards the end of 2003 concluded that there was still significant waste and underperformance in the branches; branch managers had no idea which customers or products were most profitable and made no attempt to optimise selling. The proposed solution was to make each branch more focused on its own profitability. The mechanism to achieve this was to make branch managers responsible for their own PL. Branches would make money by selling products and be rewarded for the products they sold based on product profitability. This became known as the â€Å"supermarket† strategy as it positioned branches as financial services supermarkets selling all manner of financial services in a one-stop shop. To implement the supermarket strategy, Infinity’s retail division conducted its first-ever attempt to understand product profitability. This required a major activity-based costing study. Karine Cheneviere, Senior Operations Manager in charge of the study, described some of the challenges: â€Å"We found that a high proportion of our costs were difficult to attribute to activities. The fixed costs in technology, brand management, capital tied up in 1,800 branches and management overhead were huge; we felt that many of these costs were not related to any individual product. But many of our costs are controllable and variable over a three-to-five year timeframe. Most of these can be associated with individual products. † After minor revisions, Infinity’s managers agreed that the final estimates were an accurate reflection of the relevant costs of providing the products. In particular, the Product Profitability Study addressed the over-costing of current accounts common at retail banks. (Exhibit 3 gives a summary of the product-level data developed by the profitability study for three of the bank’s main products: current accounts, credit cards and mortgages. )4 The results were surprising and insightful. Current accounts, a core banking product, were unprofitable. Mortgages, on the other hand, were wildly profitable. Some managers argued that focusing only on product sales was too simplistic. A customer might be profitable overall even while buying some unprofitable products. It might make sense to sell an unprofitable product in the hope of creating a relationship that would form the basis for cross-selling in the future. (Exhibit 4 shows cross-holding statistics for the three core products). In the end, establishing management incentives based on customer profitability was rejected as too complicated. How could they be certain that a specific product sale would lead to a better relationship or a later sale of a profitable product? Instead, branch managers’ incentives would be tied to product profits. After all, the proponents of the supermarket strategyreasoned,sellinghigh-marginproductswouldnaturallyimprovecustomer profitability across the board. 4All the data and analysis in this case have been simplified to cover only these three main bank products (with the exception of Exhibit 1). Copyright  © 2006 INSEAD4 06/2009-5348 106-016-1 [pic] The Customer Profitability Study Philippa Smith had joined the bank in 2003 as the new Head of Customer Intelligence, expecting something exciting. The headhunter described the position enthusiastically: Customer intelligence is the centre of analytical excellence for this bank. You will need to understand customer behaviour and profitability and convert that into strategic recommendations. And it won’t just be analysis; you will have responsibility and be expected to deliver! † For the first six months nothing could have been further from the truth. It seemed to Philippa that most of the other people in the bank had simply not heard of her department. All the interesting work was done either by external consultants or by the powerful marketing and risk departments. She had difficulty understanding why she had been hired at all. Granted access to the Product Profitability Study that supported the supermarket strategy, Philippa conducted her own analysis of retail profitability – by customer instead of by product. She was convinced that the product-profitability study hid important variations in customer profitability, within each product and also at the customer relationship level. To conduct her analysis, Philippa sampled 1,000 customers for each category of product cross-holdings shown in Exhibit 4. An example of the database structure is shown in Exhibit 5 for customers with current accounts and mortgages. The complete database is in the Excel file). Each customer’s net revenue by product was available from the bank’s databases, but cost analysis was more difficult. Philippa used the activity-based costing component of the Product Profitability Study to associate service activities and their costs with individual customers. The major customer support activities associated with individual customers included branch teller interactions, telephone support, cheque processing, account transaction costs and collection costs. Philippa decided not to allocate corporate-level overhead. The analysis showed major variations in profitability. Not surprisingly, customers holding multiple products and maintaining large balances were generally more profitable. But there was also significant variation in profitability within a single product, even for customers holding similar balances. For Philippa, the analysis raised many questions. Should Infinity try to get rid of its most unprofitable customers? Would it be more effective to focus more effort on the small percentage of customers that generated major profits?